Mohamed Ali period began in 1805 A.D , the regin period of this dynasty lasts for more than 150 years, since, arts and literature were developed and flourished, and Egypt become the greatest kingdom in the east. Then the architectural progress\ renaissance began in Khedive Ismail era,who wanted to change Cairo to Paris of the east, he largely worked on developing the constructional features so he deserves the title "the second founder of modern Egypt" at his reign the seat of government was moved from the Citadel to Abdeen Palace. Then Khedive Tawfeek and Khedive Abbas Helmi II continued establishing the modern country and doing great projects such as the Suez Canal, building railways and museums, Then Egypt became a kingdom of King Fo'ad, where the Egyptian University was built, and so many scientific associations, and then King Farouk came after, till it was the revolution of July 1952 and the royalty\ monarchy in Egypt was over.                                  

The history of Bahri dynasty goes back to the founder Sultan As-Saleh Nagm Ad-Din Ayyub, who brought the Mamluks to Ar-Rawda Island and built them a citadel where they settled in 638 A.H. This period had two ruling dynasties; Az-Zahir Beybars Al-Bundukdari dynasty, who ruled Egypt for 17 year, he is considered to be the real founder of Bahri dynasty as he made many governmental changes, and one of his most important achievements was the revival of the Abbasid Caliphate setting Cairo as seat of government in 658 A.H.   And Al-Mansour Qalawun dynasty as the reign of An-Nasir Mohammad Ibn Qalawun which was about half a century is considered the most glorious one of the Mamluks reigns, and after him many rulers came to Egypt most of them was young, so they were controlled by the commanders (Atabegs), and that statue went on till the Emir Barqouq, the founder of Burji Dynasty/ Circassian Mameluke Dynasty appeared.    

After the commander Octavian (August) defeated Antony and Queen Cleopatra VII in 31 BC. in the  Battle of Actium,  Egypt lost its independence and became a Roman province ruled by the Roman Emperor, who was officially designated as Pharaoh and the country was divided into three regions, each of which was governed by a local governor, but all were under the authority of the emperor. Rome exploited Egypt's resources economically. Some emperors paid much care for Egypt in particular, such as the Roman Emperor Hadrian who visited Egypt and founded a new Roman settlement called Antinopolis. The Romans also developed new technologies for the development of agriculture, where they built new water canals and dams, as well as increased grain cultivation and expanded wine production. All these agricultural reforms were principally aiming to remain the Province as "the breadbasket in the ancient world", no more. Life in Egypt was influenced by the multiculturalism that was common during the Roman Kingdom; also a unique artistic style emerged as a result of blending of the Egyptian, Greek and Roman artistic influences. The Egyptian intellectual influence was appeared in the prevalence of Isis worship throughout the Roman Empire.  In 285 AD, the Roman Empire split into the Eastern and Western Empires. The Roman Empire ended with the fall of Rome by the Berber attacks, while the Eastern Empire remained known as the Byzantine Empire in 330 AD.

In the late Roman period, Egypt is known as the Byzantine Egypt or the Coptic period since the reign of the Roman Emperor Diocletian in 284 AD until the Arabs conquest of Egypt in 641 AD. The reign of Emperor Diocletian witnessed the most aggressive persecutions in the Roman history, especially against the Egyptian Christians. The Copts chose the year of Diocletian's ascension to the throne as the beginning of their calendar, which was called the calendar of martyrs. The Egyptian Christians suffered persecution until the Edict of Milan's issuance in 313 AD in which Christianity was granted equal rights to other religions by Emperor Constantine I, who ruled the Western Roman Empire. In 324 AD Constantine I defeated Licinius, the ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire, and Constantine I became the only Emperor of the Roman Empire who transferred the headquarters to the new Capital Constantinople after its foundation in 330 AD.

It is the period that followed the Archaic Period. The first king of this period was Sanakht, while the most famous king was  Djoser, the owner of the step pyramid complex in Saqqara, the first stone building in history. His successors followed in his footsteps and built their tombs in the pyramid shape, which gave the name “Pyramids’ Builders Age” to this period. Most famous are the three pyramids of Giza. The Old Kingdom included four dynasties. During that period the Egyptian civilization progressed rapidly and the central authority became more powerful in addition to the advancements in the army, construction, art and hieroglyphic writing.